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Topic:
In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.
در هر زمینه ای از تلاش، غیرممکن است که بدون تحت تاثیر قرار گرفتن واقعی دستاوردهای گذشته در آن زمینه، سهم به سزایی در رشد آن داشته باشید.
پاسخی بنویسید که در آن درمورد موافقت یا مخالفت با این جمله بحث کنید و استدلال خود را درباره موضع گیری خود توضیح دهید. در توسعه و حمایت از موضع خود، باید روشهایی را در نظر بگیرید که طبق آن، این نظریه ممکن است درست باشد یا نباشد و توضیح دهید که این ملاحظات چگونه موضع شما را شکل می دهند.
موافق
- یکی از ویژگی های انسان که او را از حیوانات متمایز می کند توانایی انتقال دانش و اطلاعات از یک نسل به نسل دیگر است و همین امر موجب شده که دستاوردهای دانشمندان و پژوهشگران در گذشته به نسل آینده کمک کند که به پیشرفت های بیشتری دست پیدا کند. به عنوان مثال اگر کشف برق توسط ادیسون به نسل های بعدی منتقل نمی‌شد شاید ما همچنان در تاریکی به سر می بردیم و هیچ کدام از این امکانات امروزی را نداشتیم.
- دستاوردهای گذشته به دست آمده از تحقیقات دانشمندان و پژوهشگران به ما ایده های بیشتری برای رشد و توسعه علم و دانش جدید را میدهد و ما می توانیم از آنها الهام بگیریم و لازم نیست دوباره چرخ را اختراع کنیم.
مخالف
- الهام گرفتن از دستاوردهای گذشتگان می تواند تا حدودی به من کمک کند اما تکیه کردن بر آنها و قبول بی‌چون و چرای آنها ما را از پیشرفت دور نگه می‌دارد.
- بسیاری از دانش و آگاهی امروزه ما هیچ گونه دستاوردی در گذشته نداشته است. به عنوان مثال، دانش هسته ای یا دیجیتال ایده‌ای است که در عصر حاضر بدون هیچگونه پیش زمینه ای از خلاقیت و ایده پردازی نسل جدید رشد و توسعه یافته است.
- گاهی اوقات بسیاری از دستاوردهای گذشتگان اشتباه و یا ناقص بوده است و تکیه صرف بر آنها بدون اینکه در برخی از اصول آن شک و تردید کنیم، می‌تواند مضر باشد. به عنوان مثال، اگر انیشتین در نظریه نیوتن شک نمی کرد، هیچ گاه نمی توانست نظریه خود را در مورد تبدیل شدن جرم به انرژی ارائه دهد.
- بسیاری از رشته‌ها از جمله رشته‌های هنری نیاز به خلاقیت دارند و استفاده از دستاوردهای دیگران در این زمینه ها تا حدودی ناپسند و حتی غیرقانونی است. در صورتی که هنرمندان بخواهند از دستاوردهای یکدیگر استفاده کنند، به آن هنرمندان تقلید کار می‌گویند که در جامعه جایگاه چندان پذیرفته شده ای ندارند. علاوه بر این که ممکن است به علت استفاده از سبک هنری یا خلاقیتی که دیگران به کار بسته‌اند، مجرم شناخته شوند.
- فقط نباید از دستاوردهای گذشتگان برای پیشرفت در هر زمینه ای استفاده کرد. گاهی اوقات حتی روشهایی که گذشتگان به کار بستند و در آنها شکست خورده اند، ما را راهنمایی می کند که در چه زمینه‌ها و روش‌های جدیدی قدم بگذاریم.
Strategies
You might begin by restating the issue. In this case the issue is a negative statement that includes the word impossible. Consider how the statement would look if you replaced impossible with the word, possible.
In other words:
The only way that it is possible to make a significant contribution in any field of endeavor is to first be strongly influenced by past achievements in that field.
Or: The only possible way to make a significant contribution in any field of endeavor is to first be strongly influenced by past achievements in that field.
You could also determine what question is being answered by the issue statement.
By what means is it possible to make a significant contribution in a field of endeavor?
The interrogatory form of the statement may help some writers develop alternative viewpoints. The original issue statement is only one of several possible answers to the question.
Now think about the parts of the statement that provide evidence that you can affirm or refute.
a) the only possible way – Is there no other way to make a significant contribution? Is nothing really original? Is everything derivative?
b) any field of endeavor – Are there fields of endeavor that can be excluded from this statement? Can we even imagine fields of endeavor that might arise in the future?
c) strongly influenced – Is it possible to be mildly influenced or tangentially influenced by past achievements?
d) contribution – What kind of contribution? Is it a new invention? An idea? A procedure?
Next, create a statement that expresses the opposing viewpoint, using language similar to that of the original issue statement.
Opposing viewpoint:
In any field of endeavor, it is possible to make a significant contribution without being strongly influenced by past achievements in that field.
Or: Being strongly influenced by past achievements in any field of endeavor is not the only way to make a significant contribution to that field.
Identify the parts of the opposing statement that provide evidence to refute or affirm. Some of these may look very similar to those in the list generated above.
a) contribution – How does one determine the significance of any contribution? Significance may be subjective.
b) any field of endeavor – Are there fields of endeavor that can be excluded from this statement?
c) influence – What form of influence? Is it a product? An idea? A procedure?
d) not the only way – How might one contribute significantly without being influenced by past achievements?
Alternatives:
Is there any other way to look at this issue? By what means other than strong influence from past achievements can someone make a contribution to a field of endeavor? Begin by listing important fields of human endeavor: medicine, science, art, philosophy, literature, flight, etc. Think about experiences you have had, books you have read, course you have taken and come up with some examples of contributions to that field.
a) Medicine – Fleming and penicillin
b) Native Americans and willow bark
c) Science – Galileo and heliocentrism
d) Art – Picasso and cubism
e) Literature – Ezra Pound and imagism
f) Energy – prehistoric man and fire
What statements can you make about the items in your list? Fleming’s, Galileo’s, and prehistoric man’s contributions came in the form of discovery. Picasso’s and Pound’s contributions came in the form of rejecting the previous achievements in their fields of endeavor. Galileo’s discovery occurred also as he rejected the church’s theory of the Earth as the center of the universe. Now you have two specific means of contribution: discovery of something new and rejection of something old.
Create a statement that expresses a viewpoint using the new ideas that you have uncovered.
New Viewpoint:
It is possible to make a significant contribution in any field of endeavor by rejecting past achievements in that field.
Or: All significant contributions in any field of endeavor occur as a result of an important discovery.
What evidence exists in these statements that provide points to support or refute?
a) rejecting past achievements – Is it possible to transform rather than reform an existing idea or product?
b) discovery comes before achievement – Every field of endeavor arises from an important discovery.
Now you must decide which point of view to address in your essay. Completing the prewriting activities has given you several choices and ideas for defending any of those choices. Even the viewpoints that are opposite of yours will have points that you can use in writing your response. As you review your notes, decide which of your ideas offer the strongest support for your position; you do not have to use all of them. Keep in mind that others may disagree with your position, so address their concerns in your response. Before you decide, carefully consider the following checklist. You will have addressed several of them in the exercises you have completed above.
a) I have identified the central issue.
b) I understand the instructions.
c) I have decided that I agree/disagree/partially agree with the issue and why.
d) I have identified the assumptions in the claim and determined whether or not they are reasonable.
e) If necessary, I can explain how I interpret any or all of the concepts and terms used in the claim.
f) I have identified my reasons for the position I have taken.
g) I have compelling examples to support my position.
The next step should be listing the main reasons and support for your position. You may use any of the above prewriting activities as you prepare evidence for supporting you point of view. Remember that the GRE readers scoring your response are not looking for a “right” answer. The readers are evaluating your ability to address the specific instructions and articulate and develop an argument to support your understanding and evaluation of the issue.
Position:
All significant contributions in any field of endeavor occur as a result of an important discovery.
Examples:
a) Fire – Once man learned to control it, he developed uses for it and sources of fuel to feed it.
b) Medicine – Man discovered that leaves, roots, and bark of trees and plants ameliorated pain and relieved the symptoms of other maladies
c) Water power – Man could harness the power of flowing water to turn wheels to grind grains and seeds.
Your notes do not have to be exhaustive. As you begin to write your essay, your brain will generate new ideas. Make certain that you keep the directions in mind as you develop your ideas. Use as many or as few paragraphs as you consider appropriate for your argument, but create a new paragraph when you move on to a new idea or example in support of your position. The GRE readers are not looking for a specific number of ideas or paragraphs. Instead, they are reading to determine the level of understanding of the topic and the complexity with which you respond.
In this task, you are asked to discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement. You may completely agree or disagree with the statement, or you may agree under certain conditions. You are also instructed to explain your reasoning and consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.
You may use any organizational strategy or form of reasoning to present your position as clearly and succinctly as possible. You may recall writing strategies that you learned in high school or a writing–intensive course that you took in college, but it is not necessary to employ any of those strategies. It is important that your ideas follow a logical progression and display strong critical thinking.
Sample 1:
The premise that significant contributions in any field can only be made through the influence from past achievements in that field holds true in the modern world. Modern appliances, advanced medicine, and improved fuel efficiency are founded on earlier models. The next big thing is simply a version of the last big thing. It may be thinner, smaller, faster, or more intuitive, but, fundamentally, it is the same thing. The ubiquitous television sets in people’s homes today are probably hanging on the wall and have plasma or LCD screens. These bigger, brighter versions essentially perform the same function as the older, bulkier vacuum tube models; they bring moving pictures into our homes. The Band–Aids found in every medicine chest come in a variety of sizes, colors, with or without an antibacterial cream embedded, and even in liquid form. These superior bandages also perform the same function as their predecessors; they cover cuts and scrapes. In actuality, everything new is not very original. They are adaptations.
One must turn to the ancient world to recognize that the greatest contributions in any field of endeavor have come through discovery rather than invention or advancement. Early man discovered fire and realized he could use it to cook his food, warm his cave, and keep predators at bay. Eventually, he learned how to create it, preserve it, and carry it with him as he migrated to better hunting grounds or more temperate climates. Modern man has witnessed the harnessing of fire to create steam that powered ships and locomotives. It still heats our homes and cooks our food, but it also takes us into outer space.
At some point ancient man realized that round objects move more effectively over the ground than do square or rectangular objects, that the power of water could help man to accomplish tasks more easily, and that the leaves, roots, and bark of plants and trees provided relief from pain and other maladies. Thus, we have the wheel, grist mills on local streams, and aspirin in tablet form. Were it not for Franklin’s flying a kite during a thunder storm or Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, we would live in the dark and die from bacterial infections. When bold seafarers from Scandinavia and Western Europe sailed east and failed to fall off the edge of the earth, they discovered the fishing banks off the coast of Newfoundland and treasures in Mexico and opened the doors to modern–day travel.
In the final analysis, it is appropriate to assert that no one can contribute significantly in any field of endeavor without first being influenced by past achievements in that field. While those contributions generally improve the quality of our lives, it is likely that the next important discovery will have a profound effect.
Sample 2:
Every individual wishes to accomplish great goals in life. Whenever an individual is thinking of achieving great heights he always has someone to look up to for inspiration. We all get inspired in our day to day lives. It is very much possible that when a person aspires to do something remarkable in life he gets influenced by some past achievements. I believe it is very natural on part of an individual to get inspired by the past achievements of people as then only can they create something new and better.
Inspiration in ones life keeps that person going and if we do not have inspiration this life would be colorless. Inspiration of any sort makes a person do things which were never thought of. If singers of today were not inspired by the singers of older days they would not be able to create such different and unique melodies. Similarly, if the present generation scientists do not get inspiration from the older generation scientists then these remarkable developments in technology would not have been possible. Inspiration lays foundation for creation of something new or rather it can be said that out of inspiration something new and different is obtained. The achievements of the past are the basis of our present knowledge. Past achievements are like the roots of a tree and if roots are missing how can a tree ever grow or prosper? Past achievements work as a study which could yield outstanding results in the respective fields of research. Theories of the past are used to solve the problems of present.
Getting inspired from the past achievement certainly does not mean deadening of individual creativity. Inspiration does not mean copying past achievements rather they help the present generation people to achieve new heights. Getting help from past achievements does not mean that innovation is lost; rather innovation is triggered and a better outcome is achieved.
Although is very unlikely that people do not get influenced by past achievements of people. There are people who have done remarkably well on their own without getting inspired by anyone. Such people make a stand and recognition of their own and without the influence of anybody. They become the trendsetters and then they are the basis of inspiration for other people. It is also true that if too much dependence is on past achievements for inspiration then the chances of creating something unusual are lost completely.
Therefore, we must look upon our great achievers from past with due respect and get encouraged and inspired but we should not get so influenced that our work has the traces of their work. We must have an individuality of our own. Whatever we create from any inspiration should contain an imprint of our individuality and it should bear our style. It should be so distinctive from the inspired work that they both appear to be separate and not concluded parts of each other.
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