GRE Issue Topic 102

GRE Issue Topic 102

Topic:

Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

قضاوت انتقادی درباره کار در هر زمینه خاص ارزش کمی دارد مگر اینکه از جانب فردی خبره در آن زمینه حاصل شود.

پاسخی بنویسید که در آن درمورد موافقت یا مخالفت با این جمله بحث کنید و استدلال خود را درباره موضع گیری خود توضیح دهید. در توسعه و حمایت از موضع خود، باید روشهایی را در نظر بگیرید که طبق آن، این نظریه ممکن است درست باشد یا نباشد و توضیح دهید که این ملاحظات چگونه موضع شما را شکل می دهند.

موافق

  • افرادی که عمیقاً به یک ایده یا سیاست اعتقاد دارند یا در آن تخصص دارند؛ کاملا با نقاط قوت و ضعف آن مسئله آشنایی دارند. بنابراین، بهتر می توانند نقاط منفی آن را مورد انتقاد قرار دهند.
  • اگر شخصی نسبت به هدف یک ایده یا سیاست کاملا آگاه باشد، برای رسیدن به اهداف آن، انتقادهایی در جهت بهبود و اصلاح آن ایده یا سیاست ارائه می دهد. این مسئله بیشتر درباره محققان دیده می شود. به عنوان مثال، ادیسون (Edison) زمانی که می‌خواست برق را اختراع کند، چندین روش اشتباه را امتحان کرد و با انتقاد کردن از تحقیقات خودش توانست در نهایت روش درست تولید برق را کشف کند چون از درست بودن هدف خود یعنی تولید برق کاملا مطمئن بود.
  • اگر شخصی نسبت به یک ایده یا سیاست تعصب داشته باشد معمولاً انتقادی نسبت به آن نمی‌کند بلکه بدون چون و چرا، آن را قبول دارد حتی ممکن است با افرادی که از آن ایده انتقاد می‌کنند، مبارزه کند.
  • در زمینه‌های مختلف باید نظرات انتقادی افرادی که در آن زمینه تخصص دارند مورد بررسی قرارداد. در غیر اینصورت، وقت بسیار زیادی تلف می‌شود تا نظرات مخالف افرادی که ممکن است تخصصی در این زمینه نداشته باشند و نظر آنها چندان معتبر نباشد، مورد بررسی قرار گیرد و پیشرفت در آن موضوع به کندی پیش خواهد رفت.
  • شنیدن و بررسی نظرات مخالف و انتقادات افراد متخصص در رابطه با یک موضوع احتمال اشتباه کردن در آن را کاهش می‌دهد، چون به عنوان مثال اگر شهردار تصمیم بگیرد که برای کاهش ترافیک در یک مسیر پل احداث کند اما نظر مخالف مهندسین را در این خصوص نشنیده بگیرد، ممکن است به عنوان مثال زمین آن ناحیه برای احداث پل مقاومت کافی را نداشته باشد و در نهایت فاجعه بار بیاید.

مخالف

  • فقط افرادی که درک عمیقی از یک سیاست و یا ایده دارند، نیستند که می‌توانند نسبت به آن انتقاد درستی داشته باشند؛ گاهی اوقات، افرادی که پیرو ایده یا سیاستی کاملاً متضاد هستند بهتر می توانند درباره ایده ها یا سیاست هایی که از آنها پیروی نمی کنند، نظر بدهند و دلایل منطقی خود را برای انتقاد از آن بیان کنند.
  • سیاستمداران یا فیلسوفان موفق افرادی هستند که تمام انتقادات مربوط به ایده ها یا سیاست‌های خود را بررسی کرده و در صورتی که آنها درست باشند، نسبت به اصلاح نقاط ضعف، ایده‌ها و سیاست‌های خود اقدام می کنند.
  • نظر هر فردی با توجه به تجربیاتی که در زندگی داشته یا آنچه که به آنها اعتقاد دارد، می‌تواند درباره یک موضوع متفاوت باشد. اگر نظرات مخالف و انتقادات در یک زمینه به بحث و بررسی گذاشته شود، جنبه های مختلف آن موضوع بررسی شده و پیشرفت بیشتری حاصل می شود.
  • سطح درک افراد از یک مسئله و تفسیر آنها از جنبه های مختلف آن می تواند بسیار متفاوت باشد. بنابراین برای پیشرفت کردن در یک موضوع باید نظرات مخالف و انتقادات تمام افراد تخصصی یا غیرتخصصی نیز مورد بحث و بررسی قرار گیرد.
  • در دنیای مدرن امروزی همه جوامع تقریباً به این نتیجه رسیده اند که دموکراسی بهترین سیستم برای اداره یک کشور است. در چنین سیستمی تمام نظرات و انتقادات باید آزادانه بیان شوند و با بررسی نظرات مخالف و در نهایت برای حل مسئله به یک راه حل مشخص دست پیدا کرد.
  • بیان نظرات مخالف و انتقادات در خصوص یک موضوع و بررسی آنها موجب می شود که نقاط ضعف آن روشن شده و پیشرفت بهتری در آن حاصل شود.

 

 

Strategies
Assumptions:
Identify the assumptions in the claim. These will be statements that you can either affirm or refute.
Assumption 1: Only experts in a field are competent to critique or judge work in that field.
Assumption 2: Every field has an expert.

Opposing viewpoint:
It is possible to provide critical judgment of work in a given field even if one is not an expert in the field.
What are the assumptions in this claim?
Assumption 1: All critical judgment is valuable.
Assumption 2: One need not be an expert to judge the value of work in a given field.
Is there another way of looking at this claim? Why might someone make this claim? What is the claim trying to prove or disprove? Begin a dependent clause with the word, although, and follow it with the claim.
Although consumers of technology express opinions about the products, critical judgment...
There are a variety of choices, but whatever you choose can help you formulate your position and develop your response.

Sample 1:

To claim that the only valid judgment of a product that is the result of work in some field can arise from an expert in that field neglects the users or consumers of that product. The purpose of developing a new theory or designing a new object is, at its core, to be used by others. All work requires feedback to be either validated or improved, and this feedback should come from both experts in the field and people whose lives will be impacted by it.

At the most esoteric level, the claim can refer to scientific or mathematical theory. Perhaps the only qualified critics are other scientists or mathematicians. However, the practical application of the theories may include products intended for use by laymen. The first product that comes to mind is the personal computer. That the computing devices we use today evolved from ENIAC, a computer that filled two large rooms and could only complete mathematical computations, is almost beyond belief. It seemed for a while that the computer would remain the province of science and mathematics, and any improvements or advances in computing would be self–serving. Once computers became small enough and reasonably priced, they became available to the average person. Consumers were enthralled. Once they mastered the functions possible on those early machines, they wanted – even demanded – more. The industry responded. The average consumer may not know how a computer works, but they know what they want it to do. As brilliant as computer scientists may be, they might not be able to imagine what the average Joe wants or needs. Even without computer science expertise, a consumer who uses their computer to shop online or search for recipes has had an impact on the industry.

At a more approachable level are contemporary writers. When a new novel is published, the phrase, critically acclaimed, should signal soaring success for the author. Some authors, in fact, are satisfied with critical approbation. It may not, however, herald financial rewards. If the purpose of writing is to be read, the inexpert public's opinion may be more valuable than the critics. If Stephen King, probably the best–selling author in the last forty years, had listened to the experts in his field, he would have stopped writing after Carrie was published. Instead, he listened to his own muse and turned out thrillers that have his readers clamoring for more.

On an even more mundane level are the household appliances that are intended to make life easier. Without the input of consumers, the wringer washer might still be the latest technology in laundry help. Customers would still be hanging rugs outside and using a paddle to beat the dirt out of them. The average person may not understand the technology involved in designing time–saving appliances, but they are experts in their use.

To say that critical judgment has little value unless the judgment comes from experts depends on the purpose of the work and the intended audience. If something is accomplished for purely scientific reasons, the only critical judgment of value may be that of experts in the field. If one produces something for public consumption, he or she should not only expect, but welcome the public’s opinion.

 

Sample 2:

Can a television channel appoint a professional doctor as the judge for one of its reality shows that is based on a salsa dance competition? The answer is obvious. There is no way that the doctor will be able to ascertain the winner of the competition unless he himself is aware of the nuances of salsa dancing. The modern world consists of numerous self-proclaimed critics who judge work in any given field irrespective of their own knowledge in that field. Such judgment is utterly useless, unless the person making the judgment is an expert in the field to which the work being judged belongs.

If you browse the internet for reviews of the latest released movies, you will find numerous web sites where common people have posted reviews of the movie. Do we give importance to the comments posted on such blogs? We probably do not give much importance to what these people say about a particular movie as such observations are largely personal opinions and they may have to do nothing with the actual value of the movie. However, we give due credence to the opinion of a renowned film critic who may appear on a television program that is based on film reviews. The observations made by the film critic may change our perspective on the movie much before we have actually seen it. Why do we have this difference in accepting the views presented by random bloggers and those presented by well-known film critics? The reason behind this difference in acceptance of judgment from different types of people is that we attach a higher value to the judgment passed by people who are proficient in the same field.

If a person has to select suitable furniture for home dcor that falls within his financial budget, where would he look for sound advice? Would he just ask his friends randomly, or would he rather ask an acquaintance who is a furniture designer himself? This designer would be able to give him an idea about how much the furniture should ideally cost and he would also be aware of the names of commonly known furniture dealers and the amount they charge for the furniture marketed by them. People who have no idea about furniture designs, quality of furniture and the costs involved will not be able to point out the pros and cons of the furniture being selected by this person. They will only go by the external appearance of the furniture and their judgment will probably not have any value. Contrast this with a person who is a seasoned furniture expert. He would be able to identify the type of wood used, its durability, termite resistance and other related aspects which have to be considered before buying the furniture. His judgment would hold much more value as he will be able to identity the actual worth of the furniture with respect to its cost.

The same holds true for critical judgment in all fields whether they are related to the sciences or to arts. The judgment for the best school science project can be done only by the science teachers of the school. On the other hand, the same science teachers will not be able to pass valued judgment in a painting competition. They may be able to judge a painting by its face value, but the types of colors and brushes that should have ideally been used can be judged only by the painting teachers as they are experts in that particular field. Hence, it is obvious that you need to be an expert in a particular field to be able to pass valued judgment on work pertaining to that field.


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