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Topic:
Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.
Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.
ادعا: محققان نباید تحقیقات خود را فقط به مناطقی محدود کنند که انتظار دارند چیزی که کاربرد فوری و عملی دارد را کشف کنند.
دلیل: پیش بینی نتیجه یک زمینه تحقیق با هر قطعیتی غیرممکن است.
پاسخی بنویسید که در آن درباره اینکه تا چه میزان با این ادعا و دلیلی که ادعا بر مبنای آن پایه گذاری شده است، موافق یا مخالف هستید، بحث کنید.
- محققین باید تحقیق و پژوهش خود را اولویت بندی کنند و اول روی مسائل مهم تری که برای جامعه ضروری است، تمرکز کنند، حتی اگر مشخص نباشد که تحقیق آنها چه زمانی به نتیجه خواهد رسید. مثلا با شیوع ویروس کرونا، تمام محققین برای حفظ جان انسان های جهان، باید اولویت خود را در تشخیص راه درمان این بیماری قرار دهند، با وجوداینکه مشخص نیست چه زمانی می توان راه حل آن را کشف کرد.
- تحقیقات علمی در دو حالت نتیجه می رسند یانتیجه آن ها در کوتاه مدت مشخص می‌شود و یا در بلندمدت. در هرصورت محققین باید در هر دو زمینه تلاش کنند تا به نتیجه برسند، چون نتایج آن می‌تواند حتی در بلندمدت برای نسل آینده مفید واقع شود.
- بسیاری از تحقیقات علمی هستند که نتایج آن در حال حاضر نامشخص است اما باید این تحقیقات به طور مداوم انجام شوند تا در آینده به نتیجه برسند. به عنوان مثال در زمینه ستاره شناسی، کشفیات انجام گرفته بسیار مبهم و نامشخص است اما نتایج این تحقیقات در بلندمدت برای ما اهمیت دارد.
- بدون تحقیق در زمینه هایی که نتیجه آن نامشخص است هیچ کدام از دانشمندان نمی‌توانستند به نتایجی که تاکنون رسیده‌اند دست یابند. به عنوان مثال زمانی که بسیاری از دانشمندان برای کشف واکسن یک ویروس شروع به انجام تحقیقات می کنند، نتایج آن کاملاً نامشخص است و شاید سالها طول بکشد تا بتوانند واکسن مورد نظر را کشف کنند.
- در حال حاضر بیلیون ها دلار صرف بسیاری از تحقیقات علمی می‌شود که ما حتی در اصل آن نیز شک داریم. به عنوان مثال ناسا تحقیقاتی را انجام می‌دهد تا بالاخره به این نتیجه برسد که آیا موجودات فضایی واقعا وجود دارند یا خیر. دلیلی ندارد که دانشمندان یا محققین به علت نامشخص بودن نتیجه، بخواهند این تحقیقات را متوقف کنند چون به هر حال در آینده باید به این سوال پاسخ داده شود و زمینه پاسخ دادن به بسیاری از سوالات علمی با سرمایه‌گذاری در زمان حال انجام می‌پذیرد.
- وظیفه اصلی محققین و پژوهشگران، رشد و پیشرفت علم است و لازمه رشد و پیشرفت علم، سرمایه‌گذاری روی تحقیقات علمی است. زمانی که دانشمندان شروع به یک تحقیق علمی می کنند به طور قطع نمی دانند که آن تحقیق نتیجه‌ای در بر خواهد داشت یا با شکست مواجه می‌شود. اما به هرحال تازمانیکه آن تحقیق انجام نگیرد، ابهامات همچنان وجود خواهند داشت.
Strategies
Restate the Claim:
Combine the claim and reason into one statement using a subordinate clause.
In other words:
Because it is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty, researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.
What are the assumptions in the claim and reason? These will be statements that you can either refute or affirm.
Assumption 1: All research is valuable.
Assumption 2: The outcome of research is unpredictable.
Assumption 3: Research for research's sake has value.
Assumption 4: Research need not have practical, applicable results.
Opposing viewpoint:
Claim – Researchers should limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.
Reason: The cost of research is prohibitive.
What are the assumptions in the claim and reason? These will be statements that you can either refute or affirm.
Assumption 1: Not all research is valuable.
Assumption 2: Researchers must be practical.
Assumption 3: Research is too costly to conduct without a practical outcome.
Assumption 4: The goal of research should be financial reward.
Sample 1:
Research is investigation that leads to discovery. Researchers are like the early explorers who set out to find new worlds. Even though the goals of those explorers might have been to discover gold or spices or other valuable resources, there was no guarantee that they would find what they sought. Kings and queens spared no expense as they outfitted sailing vessels whose voyages might or might not return with untold riches. Those sailors faced unknown dangers and the vagaries of winds and water in order to claim new territories for their sovereigns. Centuries later, there is very little left of a material nature to discover on Earth. Exploration now takes place in outer space and in laboratories. Should all of these endeavors require practical and immediate results?
It has been nearly fifty years since US President John F. Kennedy promised that the United States would land a man on the moon before the end of that decade. At the time, the only goal that seemed evident was to surpass the Soviet Union in the space race. What possible practical applications could result from that? The focus was on creating rockets powerful enough to propel a spacecraft outside of the earth’s atmosphere and a capsule that would ensure the safety of its occupants. Scientists needed to create meals that could be dehydrated in order to fit the confines of the capsule. Numerous safety issues had to be addressed. As it turns out, many of the innovations developed for space travel did have practical uses for the general population. Space blankets come to mind. With an appearance similar to that of a piece of tinfoil, space blankets have become standard items in emergency kits because they can be folded into a very small square but have sufficient ability to keep someone warm who might be stranded on a highway in cold weFather.
Men of a certain age around the world are thankful for the accidental application of a medication originally designed to treat heart disease. Without this medical research, the world would not have Viagra. Other conveniences are the result of mistakes made in the laboratory. Most practical among them are White Out, a liquid paper used for correcting typing or writing errors, and stick notes. A children’s toy that used to be very popular is Silly Putty, another scientific flub. It came in a plastic egg and could be used to lift comic strips from a paper medium. Although some of these have had no real redeeming effect on mankind, they were commercial successes.
There is no debate about the cost of research. Setting up the environment in which research must take place involves expensive construction materials and specifications, proper equipment, and appropriately educated scientists to carry on the work. The work itself can be painstaking and long. Important discoveries are rarely made overnight. Spain’s Ferdinand and Isabella probably complained about the cost of Christopher Columbus’ journey across the ocean, and the returns were slight, but imagine what the world would be like today if they hadn’t risked so much. The New World, itself, was an accidental discovery. Columbus bumped into it while seeking a shorter route to the Far East. If research is limited to investigations that will only lead to practical applications, other new worlds may be overlooked or missed entirely.
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